Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health V Lobo, A Patil, A Phatak, N Chandra Department of Botany, Birla College, Kalyan - 421 304. PicoTrace is a spin-off company, founded by members of the Faculty of Geosciences of the University of G. Our University has a well known tradition. Save on EarthLink's award-winning Internet services for your home: dial-up, DSL, high-speed cable & more. Plus, web hosting & software. Food availability and food hygiene are compromised every day by diseases and pests that plague plants and animals as well as various types of contaminants. Watch breaking news videos, viral videos and original video clips on CNN.com. Increase Penile Thickness Does Vitamin E Increase Sperm with Dick Enhancement Product Warnings and Best Penis Growth is the most frequent misfortune in the life. Get personalized event announcements, updates, and reviews every week with the AXS.com event guide email. Established in 1. Connelly and Associates, Inc. We also offer services in support of engineering and environmental consultants as well as HVAC contractors. Services. Geotechnical - Precisely collecting data without distorting results through our knowledge of local geology. Read More > Environmental - Performing subsurface environmental investigations to determine existence of contamination. Read More > Geothermal- Read More > Equipment. From tripod and track, to large truck and ATV- mounted drilling rigs, we have the rig and crew to complete your drilling project safely and on time. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra NREVIEW ARTICLEFree radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. V Lobo, A Patil, A Phatak, N Chandra. Department of Botany, Birla College, Kalyan - 4. Maharastra, India. Date of Submission. Mar- 2. 01. 0Date of Decision. Mar- 2. 01. 0Date of Web Publication.
Oct- 2. 01. 0Correspondence Address: V Lobo. Department of Botany, Birla College, Kalyan - 4. India. Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None. DOI: 1. 0. 4. 10. In recent years, there has been a great deal of attention toward the field of free radical chemistry. Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Hence application of external source of antioxidants can assist in coping this oxidative stress. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole have recently been reported to be dangerous for human health. Thus, the search for effective, nontoxic natural compounds with antioxidative activity has been intensified in recent years. The present review provides a brief overview on oxidative stress mediated cellular damages and role of dietary antioxidants as functional foods in the management of human diseases. Keywords: Ageing, antioxidant, free radicals, oxidative stress. How to cite this article: Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Phcog Rev 2. 01. 0; 4: 1. How to cite this URL: Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Available from: http: //www. The recent growth in the knowledge of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biology is producing a medical revolution that promises a new age of health and disease management. Free radicals and antioxidants have become commonly used terms in modern discussions of disease mechanisms. The presence of an unpaired electron results in certain common properties that are shared by most radicals. Many radicals are unstable and highly reactive. They can either donate an electron to or accept an electron from other molecules, therefore behaving as oxidants or reductants. These are highly reactive species, capable in the nucleus, and in the membranes of cells of damaging biologically relevant molecules such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Targets of free radicals include all kinds of molecules in the body. Among them, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins are the major targets. Production of free radicals in the human body. Free radicals and other ROS are derived either from normal essential metabolic processes in the human body or from external sources such as exposure to X- rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals. Enzymatic reactions, which serve as source of free radicals, include those involved in the respiratory chain, in phagocytosis, in prostaglandin synthesis, and in the cytochrome P- 4. Some internally generated sources of free radicals are . However, superimposed on this common pattern are patterns influenced by genetics and environmental differences that modulate free radical damage. These are manifested as diseases at certain ages determined by genetic and environmental factors. Cancer and atherosclerosis, two major causes of death, are salient . Cancer initiation and promotion is associated with chromosomal defects and oncogene activation. It is possible that endogenous free radical reactions, like those initiated by ionizing radiation, may result in tumor formation. The highly significant correlation between consumption of fats and oils and death rates from leukemia and malignant neoplasia of the breast, ovaries, and rectum among persons over 5. These compounds induce endothelial cell injury and produce changes in the arterial walls. These injured tissues produce increased radical generating enzymes (e. ROS. The initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer, as well as the side- effects of radiation and chemotherapy, have been linked to the imbalance between ROS and the antioxidant defense system. ROS have been implicated in the induction and complications of diabetes mellitus, age- related eye disease, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Oxidative stress is now thought to make a significant contribution to all inflammatory diseases (arthritis, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, lupus erythematous, adult respiratory diseases syndrome), ischemic diseases (heart diseases, stroke, intestinal ischema), hemochromatosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, emphysema, organ transplantation, gastric ulcers, hypertension and preeclampsia, neurological disorder (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, muscular dystrophy), alcoholism, smoking- related diseases, and many others. The oxidative events may affect cardiovascular diseases therefore; it has potential to provide enormous benefits to the health and lifespan. Poly unsaturated fatty acids occur as a major part of the low density lipoproteins (LDL) in blood and oxidation of these lipid components in LDL play a vital role in atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL is antherogenic and is thought to be important in the formation of anthersclerosis plaques. Furthermore, oxidized LDL is cytotoxic and can directly damage endothelial cells. Antioxidants like B- carotene or vitamin E play a vital role in the prevention of various cardiovascular diseases. Carcinogenesis. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as super oxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide and their biological metabolites also play an important role in carcinogenesis. ROS induce DNA damage, as the reaction of free radicals with DNA includes strand break base modification and DNA protein cross- links. Numerous investigators have proposed participation of free radicals in carcinogenesis, mutation, and transformation; it is clear that their presence in biosystem could lead to mutation, transformation, and ultimately cancer. Induction of mutagenesis, the best known of the biological effect of radiation, occurs mainly through damage of DNA by the HO. Radical and other species are produced by the radiolysis, and also by direct radiation effect on DNA, the reaction effects on DNA. Radicals is mainly addition to double bond of pyrimidine bases and abstraction of hydrogen from the sugar moiety resulting in chain reaction of DNA. These effects cause cell mutagenesis and carcinogenesis lipid peroxides are also responsible for the activation of carcinogens. Antioxidants can decrease oxidative stress induced carcinogenesis by a direct scavenging of ROS and/or by inhibiting cell proliferation secondary to the protein phosphorylation. B- carotene may be protective against cancer through its antioxidant function, because oxidative products can cause genetic damage. Thus, the photo protective properties of B- carotene may protect against ultraviolet light induced carcinogenesis. Immunoenhancement of B- carotene may contribute to cancer protection. B- carotene may also have anticarcinogenic effect by altering the liver metabolism effects of carcinogens. Vitamin E, an important antioxidant, plays a role in immunocompetence by increasing humoral antibody protection, resistance to bacterial infections, cell- mediated immunity, the T- lymphocytes tumor necrosis factor production, inhibition of mutagen formation, repair of membranes in DNA, and blocking micro cell line formation. The administration of a mixture of the above three antioxidant reveled the highest reduction in risk of developing cardiac cancer. Free radical and aging. The human body is in constant battle to keep from aging. Research suggests that free radical damage to cells leads to the pathological changes associated with aging. Some of the nutritional antioxidants will retard the aging process and prevent disease. Based on these studies, it appears that increased oxidative stress commonly occurs during the aging process, and antioxidant status may significantly influence the effects of oxidative damage associated with advancing age. Research suggests that free radicals have a significant influence on aging, that free radical damage can be controlled with adequate antioxidant defense, and that optimal intake of antioxidant nutrient may contribute to enhanced quality of life. Recent research indicates that antioxidant may even positively influence life span. Oxidative damage to protein and DNAOxidative damage to protein. Proteins can be oxidatively modified in three ways: oxidative modification of specific amino acid, free radical mediated peptide cleavage, and formation of protein cross- linkage due to reaction with lipid peroxidation products. Protein containing amino acids such as methionine, cystein, arginine, and histidine seem to be the most vulnerable to oxidation. Oxidative damage to protein products may affect the activity of enzymes, receptors, and membrane transport. Oxidatively damaged protein products may contain very reactive groups that may contribute to damage to membrane and many cellular functions. Peroxyl radical is usually considered to be free radical species for the oxidation of proteins. ROS can damage proteins and produce carbonyls and other amino acids modification including formation of methionine sulfoxide and protein carbonyls and other amino acids modification including formation of methionine sulfoxide and protein peroxide.
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